Need for measurement

Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass, and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures

Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications

Scalar and vector quantities:

Position and displacement vectors, general vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity

Unit vectors

Resolution of a vector in plane-rectangular components

Scalar and vector products of vectors. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration – projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.

Laws of Motion

Intuitive concept of force.Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications

Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication

Dynamics of uniform circular motion. Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road)

Work

Work done by a constant force and variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.

Energy and Power

The notion of potential energy, the potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

The momentum of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples

Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation, and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; a moment of inertia, the radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications

Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites

Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles, and capillary rise

Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Anomalous expansion. Specific heat of capacity; Cp, Cv-calorimetry; change of state-latent heat

Heat transfer – conduction and thermal conductivity, convection, and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black body radiation. Wein’s displacement law, and the greenhouse effect.

Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law

Kinetic theory of gases:

Assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, the law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; the concept of mean free path

Periodic motion

period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion(SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM – Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time period; free and forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance

Wave motion.

Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, a reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode, and harmonics. Beats. Doppler effect.

Electric charges and their conservation.

Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution

Electric field

The Electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.

Electric flux

statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)

Electric potential

The potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole, and system of charges: equipotential surfaces, the electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges, and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field

Conductors and insulators, free charges, and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, a combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator

The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference, and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel

Kirchoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge

Potentiometer

Principle and applications to measure potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell

Force on a current

Carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors – definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic Field Intensity due to a magnetic dipole(bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.

Para -, dia-and ferromagnetic substances, with examples.

Electromagnetic and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets

AC generator and transformer

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Scattering of light 

The blue color of the sky and the reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset

Optical instruments:

The human eye, image formation, and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hyper myopia) using lenses

Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Wave optics:

Wavefront and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts

Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle

Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light

Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum

Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane-polarized light and polaroids

Matter waves

wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained)

Alpha

Particle scattering experiments; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones

Radioactivity

alpha, beta, and gamma particles/rays and their properties decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.